There are five major steps to building a bridge: planning, laying the foundation, placing piers and supporting structures, finishing up the superstructure, and finally, conducting safety checks to ...

These very dense soils provide a good foundation for the bridge caissons and anchorages. Caissons were selected during the conceptual stage of the project to support the bridge towers. They are ...

Nonlinear analysis. Soil structure interaction. Abstract: Large cellular reinforced concrete caissons exist as foundations of major long span bridges across waterways in many parts of the country. The ...

Keywords: Seismic wave scattering. Pile groups. Caissons. Foundations. Seismic designs. Retrofitting. Long-span bridges. Seismic loads. Irregular foundation ...