Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS): Captured changes in rigid, negative thought patterns about oneself, others, and the future before and after the experience. ・Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well ...

They were then studied by self-efficacy questionnaire, locus of control scale, dysfunctional attitude scale, and general health questionnaire. Hypotheses tested by variance analysis and Tukey's test.

Patients completed questionnaires, including the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R), the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale.