These membranes must be encased in membrane housings. Filament-wound fiberglass pressure vessels are used almost exclusively for this purpose today, in quantities of as many as 6,000 per desalination ...

The ply schedule begins with a glass-reinforced epoxy inner liner wound with resin-wet fiberglass at ±54°, the traditional helical angle for pressure vessels. No C-veil or other additional liner is ...