Today, the cause of sickle cell disease is well understood to be a point mutation in a hemoglobin gene called HBB that makes red blood cells grow stiff and misshapen. Sixty years ago, however, top ...

How proteins evolved the ability to form complexes made up of multiple subunits—and what functions this new structure enabled in early multimeric proteins—isn’t well understood. To better understand ...

Have you ever been told during a health checkup or blood test, “Your hemoglobin is low”? Sometimes you might be told, “You ...