The breakthrough came with the identification of atomic vacancies in germanium. High-temperature annealing treatment caused these atoms to escape, leaving evenly spaced holes. At lower temperatures, ...

"Essentials of Heat Treatment" provides a through introduction to steel heat treatment, including a discussion of how heat and carbon content impact a steel's microstructure. This class also describes ...

Stress-strain curves showing significant improvements in the mechanical anisotropy after heat treatment; (c) Diagrams showing the recrystallization process, where equiaxed grains form to eliminate ...

High-temperature annealing treatment caused these atoms to escape, leaving evenly spaced holes. At lower temperatures, however, the vacancies began clustering into extended regions, conditions ...