It is estimated that two thirds of the world’s basic surgical instruments are manufactured in Sialkot. These are, in turn, supplied to companies in Europe and the US, ...

With surgical residents, operant learning rarely involves a clicker (and never a dog biscuit), but the basic principle—reinforcing proper technique with reward—stays the same.

For the inexperienced individual, learning surgical techniques can be taxing. The authors developed a rodent surgery dry lab training program to assist educational and research institutions in ...